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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GM-CSF</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">GM-CSF
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bold;">Modell nach <a href="Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2GMF">2GMF</a>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;;">Eigenschaften des menschlichen Proteins
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">127 Aminosäuren
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<td><a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundär-</a> bis <a href="Quart%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Quartärstruktur">Quartärstruktur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Monomer
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<tr>
<td><a href="Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gen-Name</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/all?query=2434">CSF2</a></i>
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<tr>
<td>Externe IDs
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="">
<ul><li><a href="Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/138960">138960</a></li>
<li><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P04141">P04141</a></li>
<li><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=83869-56-1">83869-56-1</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Arzneistoffangaben
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<tr>
<td><a href="Anatomisch-Therapeutisch-Chemisches_Klassifikationssystem" title="Anatomisch-Therapeutisch-Chemisches Klassifikationssystem">ATC-Code</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">L03<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atcddd.fhi.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AA">AA</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
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<tr>
<td>Wirkstoffklasse
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Immunstimulans" title="Immunstimulans">Immunstimulans</a>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Homologie-Familie
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hogenom.univ-lyon1.fr/query_sequence?seq=P04141">Hovergen</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere">Säugetiere</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122; text-align:center;"><a href="Homologie_(Genetik)#Homologie_zwischen_verdoppelten_oder_fremden_Genen" title="Homologie (Genetik)">Orthologe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">
</td>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Mensch
</td>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Maus
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Entrez_Gene" title="Entrez Gene">Entrez</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1437&rn=1">1437</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=12981&rn=1">12981</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000164400;db=core">ENSG00000164400</a></small></small></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000018916;db=core">ENSMUSG00000018916</a></small></small></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P04141">P04141</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01587">P01587</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (mRNA)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000758">NM_000758</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_009969">NM_009969</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (Protein)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000749">NP_000749</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_034099">NP_034099</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Genlocus" title="Genlocus">Genlocus</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&position=chr5:132073789-132076170">Chr 5: 132.07 – 132.08 Mb</a> </span>
</td>
<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks&position=chr11:54247271-54249667">Chr 11: 54.25 – 54.25 Mb</a> </span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>-Suche
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1437">1437</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12981">12981</a></span>
<p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p>Der <b>Granulozyten-Makrophagen-Kolonie-stimulierende Faktor</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <b>Granulozyten-Monozyten-Kolonien-stimulierende Faktor</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kurz <b>GM-CSF</b> (von engl. <i>granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), ist ein <a href="Glykoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykoprotein">Glykoprotein</a>, das in <a href="S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere">Säugetieren</a> als <a href="Zytokin" title="Zytokin">Zytokin</a> wirkt.
</p><p>Es wird im Körper von <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> des <a href="Immunsystem" title="Immunsystem">Immunsystems</a> und des <a href="Endothel" title="Endothel">Endothels</a> ins Blut abgegeben. In <a href="Zellkultur" title="Zellkultur">Kultur</a> kann er die <a href="Differenzierung_(Biologie)" title="Differenzierung (Biologie)">Differenzierung</a> von Vorläuferzellen des <a href="Knochenmark" title="Knochenmark">Knochenmarks</a> in <a href="Granulozyt" title="Granulozyt">Granulozyten</a> und <a href="Makrophage" title="Makrophage">Makrophagen</a> bewirken.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15621725_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15621725-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
In Tieren ist eine Differenzierung in Granulozyten und Makrophagen auch ohne GM-CSF möglich, wenn auch deutlich weniger entsprechende Zellen gebildet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17475873_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17475873-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>GM-CSF ist auch Teil der <a href="Immunantwort" title="Immunantwort">Immunantwort</a> auf <a href="Antigen" title="Antigen">Antigene</a> und <a href="Mitogen" title="Mitogen">Mitogene</a>.
</p><p>Offenbar handelt es sich bei GM-CSF als T-Zell-Zytokin um einen notwendigen Faktor für die Entstehung von autoimmunen Entzündungsreaktionen wie sie z. B. bei der <a href="Multiple_Sklerose" title="Multiple Sklerose">multiplen Sklerose</a> vorkommen. Es begünstigt dabei außerdem die Einwanderung von gewebeschädigenden Fresszellen in das <a href="Zentralnervensystem" title="Zentralnervensystem">zentrale Nervensystem</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutische_und_experimentelle_Verwendung">Therapeutische und experimentelle Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Rekombinant hergestellter humaner GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) wird therapeutisch zur <a href="Immunstimulans" title="Immunstimulans">Immunstimulation</a> verwendet.
</p><p>Das biotechnologisch aus <a href="Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><i>Escherichia-coli</i></a>-Stämmen gewonnene <b>Molgramostim</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde als <i>Leucomax</i> (<a href="Au%C3%9Ferhandelnahme" title="Außerhandelnahme">a.H.</a>) bei der parenteralen Behandlung von <a href="Neutropenie" title="Neutropenie">Neutropenien</a>, etwa nach <a href="Radiotherapie" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapie">Radiotherapie</a>, verwendet. Wegen des vergleichsweise günstigeren Nebenwirkungsprofils werden heute eher <a href="G-CSF" title="G-CSF">G-CSF</a>-Zubereitungen eingesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als <i>Molgradex</i> wird Molgramostim für die inhalative Behandlung der <a href="Alveolarproteinose" title="Alveolarproteinose">Alveolarproteinose</a> (<i>autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis</i>, aPAP) entwickelt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="Glykosylierung" title="Glykosylierung">glykosilierte</a>, mittels <a href="Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae"><i>Saccharomyces-cerevisiae</i></a>-Stämmen produzierte GM-CSF-Variante <b>Sargramostim</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist in den USA als <i>Leukine</i> zugelassen zur Beschleunigung der hämatologischen Rekonstitution nach <a href="Knochenmarkstransplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knochenmarkstransplantation">Knochenmarkstransplantation</a> und zur Behandlung der durch zytostatische Therapie einer <a href="Akute_myeloische_Leuk%C3%A4mie" title="Akute myeloische Leukämie">akuten myeloischen Leukämie</a> (AML) ausgelösten Neutropenie.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Zulassung als <i>Imreplys</i> (EU, 2025) umfasst die Behandlung von Patienten, die an der hämatopoetischen Form des akuten <a href="Strahlenkrankheit" title="Strahlenkrankheit">Strahlensyndroms</a> (H-ARS) leiden und akut myelosuppressiven Strahlendosen ausgesetzt sind.<sup id="cite_ref-europa-1924_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-1924-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein ebenfalls gykosiliertes rhGM-CSF ist das <b>Regramostim</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> das aus <a href="CHO-Zellen" title="CHO-Zellen">CHO-Zellen</a> gewonnen und bislang experimentell genutzt wird.
</p><p><a href="Dendritische_Zelle" title="Dendritische Zelle">Dendritische Zellen</a> für die <a href="Immuntherapie" title="Immuntherapie">Immuntherapie</a> werden üblicherweise aus <a href="Monozyt" title="Monozyt">Monozyten</a> des Patienten durch Kultur in GM-CSF und <a href="Interleukin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a> erhalten. In der Kombinations-<a href="Krebsimmuntherapie" title="Krebsimmuntherapie">Immunotherapie</a> ist GM-CSF zusammen mit immunisierenden Agenzien einsetzbar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Tierversuch konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass eine Neutralisation von GM-CSF den Ausbruch der <a href="Experimentelle_autoimmune_Enzephalomyelitis" title="Experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis">experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis</a> (dem Tiermodell der Multiplen Sklerose) verhindert und bei bereits erkrankten Tieren zur Heilung führen kann. Dieses Neutralisationsverfahren wird bei an multipler Sklerose und <a href="Rheumatoide_Arthritis" title="Rheumatoide Arthritis">rheumatoider Arthritis</a> erkrankten Personen getestet (Stand 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sowohl Molgramostim als auch Sargramostim sind Kandidaten für <a href="Klinische_Studie" title="Klinische Studie">Studien</a>, mit denen die <a href="Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalative Anwendung</a> zur Vorbeugung der Verschlechterung einer <a href="Lungenentz%C3%BCndung" title="Lungenentzündung">Lungenentzündung</a> und Verhinderung des akuten Lungenversagen bei <a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>-Patienten untersucht werden soll (Stand August 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omabrowser.org/cgi-bin/gateway.pl?f=DisplayGroup&p1=P04141">Homologe bei OMA</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727224132/https://www.pan-biotech.de/gm-csf-murine-rec.html"><i>GM-CSF murine rec.</i></a> Archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pan-biotech.de%2Fgm-csf-murine-rec.html">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">27. Juli 2020</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 27. Juli 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGM-CSF&rft.title=GM-CSF+murine+rec.&rft.description=GM-CSF+murine+rec.&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200727224132%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.pan-biotech.de%2Fgm-csf-murine-rec.html&rft.source=https://www.pan-biotech.de/gm-csf-murine-rec.html"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Murphy, Casey Weaver: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die induzierten Reaktionen der angeborenen Immunität</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Janeway Immunologie</cite>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-56004-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>155</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56004-4_3">10.1007/978-3-662-56004-4_3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Die+induzierten+Reaktionen+der+angeborenen+Immunit%C3%A4t&rft.au=Kenneth+Murphy%2C+Casey+Weaver&rft.btitle=Janeway+Immunologie&rft.date=2018&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-56004-4_3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662560044&rft.pages=155&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Facharztwissen Hämatologie Onkologie</cite>. Elsevier, 2020, ISBN 978-3-437-21215-4, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-01275-x">10.1016/c2018-0-01275-x</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/C2018001275X">elsevier.com</a> [abgerufen am 27. Juli 2020]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.btitle=Facharztwissen+H%C3%A4matologie+Onkologie&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fc2018-0-01275-x&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783437212154&rft.pub=Elsevier" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Jelkmann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Allgemeine Eigenschaften des Blutes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physiologie des Menschen: mit Pathophysiologie</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Springer-Lehrbuch</cite>). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2019, ISBN 978-3-662-56468-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>296</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56468-4_23">10.1007/978-3-662-56468-4_23</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Allgemeine+Eigenschaften+des+Blutes&rft.au=W.+Jelkmann&rft.btitle=Physiologie+des+Menschen%3A+mit+Pathophysiologie&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-56468-4_23&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662564684&rft.pages=296&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.series=Springer-Lehrbuch" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkhard Becher, Sonia Tugues, Melanie Greter: <cite style="font-style:italic">GM-CSF: From Growth Factor to Central Mediator of Tissue Inflammation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Immunity</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, November 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>963–973</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.026">10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.026</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S107476131630437X">elsevier.com</a> [abgerufen am 27. Juli 2020]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=GM-CSF%3A+From+Growth+Factor+to+Central+Mediator+of+Tissue+Inflammation&rft.au=Burkhard+Becher%2C+Sonia+Tugues%2C+Melanie+Greter&rft.date=2016-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2016.10.026&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Immunity&rft.pages=963-973&rft.volume=45" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian P. Wicks, Andrew W. Roberts: <cite style="font-style:italic">Targeting GM-CSF in inflammatory diseases</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature Reviews Rheumatology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 2016, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221759-4790%22&key=cql">1759-4790</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37–48</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2015.161">10.1038/nrrheum.2015.161</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nrrheum.2015.161">nature.com</a> [abgerufen am 27. Juli 2020]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Targeting+GM-CSF+in+inflammatory+diseases&rft.au=Ian+P.+Wicks%2C+Andrew+W.+Roberts&rft.date=2016-01&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnrrheum.2015.161&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1759-4790&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Rheumatology&rft.pages=37-48&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Codarri, Gabor Gyülvészi, Vinko Tosevski, Lysann Hesske, Adriano Fontana: <cite style="font-style:italic">RORγt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature Immunology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 2011, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221529-2908%22&key=cql">1529-2908</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>560–567</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2027">10.1038/ni.2027</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/ni.2027">nature.com</a> [abgerufen am 27. Juli 2020]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=ROR%CE%B3t+drives+production+of+the+cytokine+GM-CSF+in+helper+T+cells%2C+which+is+essential+for+the+effector+phase+of+autoimmune+neuroinflammation&rft.au=Laura+Codarri%2C+Gabor+Gy%C3%BClv%C3%A9szi%2C+Vinko+Tosevski%2C+...&rft.date=2011-06&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fni.2027&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1529-2908&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nature+Immunology&rft.pages=560-567&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15621725-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15621725_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton JA, Anderson GP: <cite style="font-style:italic">GM-CSF Biology</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Growth Factors</cite>. 22. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Dezember 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>225–31</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08977190412331279881">10.1080/08977190412331279881</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15621725?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15621725</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=GM-CSF+Biology&rft.au=Hamilton+JA%2C+Anderson+GP&rft.date=2004-12&rft.doi=10.1080%2F08977190412331279881&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Growth+Factors&rft.pages=225-31&rft.pmid=15621725&rft.volume=22.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid17475873-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17475873_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbs ML, Quilici C, Kountouri N, Seymour JF, Armes JE, Burgess AW, Dunn AR: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mice lacking three myeloid colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF) still produce macrophages and granulocytes and mount an inflammatory response in a sterile model of peritonitis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Immunol</cite>. 178. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Mai 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6435–43</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475873?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17475873</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Mice+lacking+three+myeloid+colony-stimulating+factors+%28G-CSF%2C+GM-CSF%2C+and+M-CSF%29+still+produce+macrophages+and+granulocytes+and+mount+an+inflammatory+response+in+a+sterile+model+of+peritonitis&rft.au=Hibbs+ML%2C+Quilici+C%2C+Kountouri+N%2C+...&rft.date=2007-05&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=J.+Immunol&rft.pages=6435-43&rft.pmid=17475873&rft.volume=178.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.C. Schouten: <i>Neutropenia management</i>. Annals of Oncology, Band 17 (2006), S. 85–89, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl243" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl243">doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl243</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191230005028/en/Savara-Granted-Breakthrough-Therapy-Designation-Molgradex-Treatment"><i>Savara Granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Molgradex for the Treatment of Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (aPAP)</i></a>, www.businesswire.com, 30. Dezember 2029.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leukine, Prescribing Information</i> auf der Seite der FDA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/103362s5240lbl.pdf">PDF</a>), Stand: März 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-europa-1924-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-europa-1924_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1924.htm"><i>Union Register of medicinal products - Public health - European Commission.</i></a> In: <i>ec.europa.eu.</i> 9. September 2025,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 22. September 2025</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGM-CSF&rft.title=Union+Register+of+medicinal+products+-+Public+health+-+European+Commission&rft.description=Union+Register+of+medicinal+products+-+Public+health+-+European+Commission&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fhealth%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunity-register%2Fhtml%2Fh1924.htm&rft.date=2025-09-09&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tawab A, Fan Y, Read EJ, Kurlander RJ: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of ex vivo culture duration on phenotype and cytokine production by mature dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood monocytes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Transfusion_(Zeitschrift)" title="Transfusion (Zeitschrift)">Transfusion</a></cite>. 49. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>536–47</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02020.x">10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02020.x</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243546?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19243546</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Effect+of+ex+vivo+culture+duration+on+phenotype+and+cytokine+production+by+mature+dendritic+cells+derived+from+peripheral+blood+monocytes&rft.au=Tawab+A%2C+Fan+Y%2C+Read+EJ%2C+...&rft.date=2009-03&rft.doi=10.1111%2Fj.1537-2995.2008.02020.x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Transfusion&rft.pages=536-47&rft.pmid=19243546&rft.volume=49.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seo SH, Han HD, Noh KH, Kim TW, Son SW: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chitosan hydrogel containing GMCSF and a cancer drug exerts synergistic anti-tumor effects via the induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Clin. Exp. Metastasis</cite>. 26. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>179–87</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-008-9228-5">10.1007/s10585-008-9228-5</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19082918?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19082918</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Chitosan+hydrogel+containing+GMCSF+and+a+cancer+drug+exerts+synergistic+anti-tumor+effects+via+the+induction+of+CD8%2B+T+cell-mediated+anti-tumor+immunity&rft.au=Seo+SH%2C+Han+HD%2C+Noh+KH%2C+...&rft.date=2009&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs10585-008-9228-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Exp.+Metastasis&rft.pages=179-87&rft.pmid=19082918&rft.volume=26.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fong L, Kwek SS, O’Brien S, <i>et al.</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Potentiating endogenous antitumor immunity to prostate cancer through combination immunotherapy with CTLA4 blockade and GM-CSF</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Cancer_Res" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer Res">Cancer Res</a></cite>. 69. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Januar 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>609–15</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3529">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3529</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147575?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19147575</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=Potentiating+endogenous+antitumor+immunity+to+prostate+cancer+through+combination+immunotherapy+with+CTLA4+blockade+and+GM-CSF&rft.au=Fong+L%2C+Kwek+SS%2C+O%E2%80%99Brien+S%2C+...&rft.date=2009-01&rft.doi=10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-08-3529&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Res&rft.pages=609-15&rft.pmid=19147575&rft.volume=69.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Codarri, L., Gyülveszi, G., Magnenat, L., Hesske, L., Fontana, A., Suter, T.,Becher, B.: <cite style="font-style:italic">RORgt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature_Immunology" title="Nature Immunology">Nature Immunology</a></cite>. April 2011, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2027">10.1038/ni.2027</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516112?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21516112</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GM-CSF&rft.atitle=RORgt+drives+production+of+the+cytokine+GM-CSF+in+helper+T+cells%2C+which+is+essential+for+the+effector+phase+of+autoimmune+neuroinflammation&rft.au=Codarri%2C+L.%2C+Gy%C3%BClveszi%2C+...&rft.btitle=Nature+Immunology&rft.date=2011-04&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fni.2027&rft.genre=book&rft.pmid=21516112" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalmed.de/newsview.php?id=33792">„Für Immunangriffe bei Multipler Sklerose braucht es GM-CSF“</a> von journalmed.de – abgerufen am 1. Mai 2011</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Siebenand: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/molgramostim-inhalation-bei-schwerem-covid-19-verlauf-119394/"><i>Molgramostim-Inhalation bei schwerem Covid-19-Verlauf</i></a>, Pharmazeutische Zeitung, 7. August 2020.</span>
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</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="S">
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Molgramostim</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">99283-10-0</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB12525">DB12525</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6896158" class="extiw external" title="d:Q6896158">Q6896158</a><span style="display:none;"></span>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span> <a href="Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/B321AL142J">B321AL142J</a>. ATC-Code: L03<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atcddd.fhi.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AA03">AA03</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span> <a href="Internationaler_Freiname" title="Internationaler Freiname">Internationaler Freiname</a> (INN): Molgramostim.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Sargramostim</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=83869-56-1">83869-56-1</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00020">DB00020</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3950557" class="extiw external" title="d:Q3950557">Q3950557</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span> Andere Namen: 23-<small>L</small>-Leucine-CSF 2 (human clone pHG<sub>25</sub> protein moiety). <a href="Internationaler_Freiname" title="Internationaler Freiname">Internationaler Freiname</a> (INN): Sargramostim. <a href="Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825131155/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/5TAA004E22">5TAA004E22</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 25. August 2019 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). ATC-Code: L03<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atcddd.fhi.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AA09">AA09</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Regramostim</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">127757-91-9</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB05386">DB05386</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101992847" class="extiw external" title="d:Q101992847">Q101992847</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span> Andere Namen: Human clone PCSF-1 protein moiety reduced, glycoform GMC 89-107. <a href="Internationaler_Freiname" title="Internationaler Freiname">Internationaler Freiname</a> (INN): Regramostim. <a href="Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419011250/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KR89Q40F01">KR89Q40F01</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 19. April 2021 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>).</span>
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